Karl Otto Landsteiner (1868-1943). Physician-biochemist-immunologist.

Karl Landsteiner applied the sciences of biochemistry, pathology, microbiology, and immunology in medical research to great success during the first half of the 20th century. Although he is principally known for elucidating the major blood group antigens A and B and their isoantibodies for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Landsteiner made many other important medical discoveries. In that respect, he ascertained that paralytic poliomyelitis was due to a virus, the pancreas was damaged in cystic fibrosis, simple chemicals called haptens were able to combine with antibodies, and the Rh antigen that was later found to be the principal cause of hemolytic anemia of the newborn was found in most humans. Moreover, Landsteiner's book "The Specificity of Serological Reactions" was a precursor to the molecular revolution in immunology that occurred after Second World War. Finally, he was one of the leaders of the American Association of Immunology and of the Journal of Immunology.

2016: medio centenario del Instituto de Hematología e Inmunología / 2016: half a century of the Institute of Hematology and Immunology

El primero de diciembre de 2016 arribará a sus cincuenta años de fructífera existencia el Instituto de Hematología e Inmunología (IHI), surgido por voluntad del Ministerio de Salud Pública de la República de Cuba con el objetivo de realizar las investigaciones biomédicas en sus ramas, garantizar la cobertura nacional de especialistas y brindar atención médica de alta calificación a nuestro pueblo en sus especialidades. El IHI inició sus actividades con solamente 4 médicos, 2 técnicos, 2 enfermeras, y escasos recursos proporcionados por los hospitales que le han servido de sede: General Docente Enrique Cabrera y Pediátrico Docente William Soler , ya que, contrario a la mayoría de las especialidades médicas en Cuba, la Hematología surgió durante el proceso revolucionario y se desarrolló plenamente con la creación del instituto. La Inmunología, como ciencia nueva en aquella época, comenzó también a desarrollarse a raíz de la creación del instituto...

Ray Owen and the history of naturally acquired chimerism.

This article interweaves a history of Ray Owen's early work with a broader account of the conceptual landscape of immunology in the mid 1950's. In particular, Owen's openness to the very possibility of chimeric phenomena is recognized.

Blood groups and human groups: collecting and calibrating genetic data after World War Two.

Arthur Mourant's The Distribution of the Human Blood Groups (1954) was an "indispensable" reference book on the "anthropology of blood groups" containing a vast collection of human genetic data. It was based on the results of blood-grouping tests carried out on half-a-million people and drew together studies on diverse populations around the world: from rural communities, to religious exiles, to volunteer transfusion donors. This paper pieces together sequential stages in the production of a small fraction of the blood-group data in Mourant's book, to examine how he and his colleagues made genetic data from people. Using sources from several collecting projects, I follow how blood was encountered, how it was inscribed, and how it was turned into a laboratory resource. I trace Mourant's analytical and representational strategies to make blood groups both credibly 'genetic' and understood as relevant to human ancestry, race and history. In this story, 'populations' were not simply given, but were produced through public health, colonial and post-colonial institutions, and by the labour and expertise of subjects, assistants and mediators. Genetic data were not self-evidently 'biological', but were shaped by existing historical and geographical identities, by political relationships, and by notions of kinship and belonging.

My career as an immunoglycobiologist.

The research program of my laboratory included three major topics: the structures and immunology of human carbohydrate blood group and glycosphingolipid antigens; the tissue distribution, subcellular localization and biosynthesis of glycosphingolipids; and the structural basis of the binding of carbohydrates by antibodies and lectins.

[Karl Landsteiner (1868­1943) and the discovery of blood groups]. / Karl Landsteiner (1868­1943) et la découverte des groupes sanguins.

Karl Landsteiner, a Viennese M.D. and pathologist, discovered in the years 1900­1901 the first human blood groups, ABO groups. Furthermore, he made numerous significant contributions to various fields of the biomedical science. In this paper I report on his life and work in Vienna, The Hague and New York.

Cyril Clarke and the prevention of rhesus haemolytic disease of the newborn.

Cyril Clarke was an outstanding general physician and lepidopterist. Late in his career, and stimulated by his work on the genetics of mimicry in butterflies, he became interested in the evolving field of medical genetics. His work on the relationship of blood groups to particular diseases led him and his team in Liverpool to evolve a remarkably successful approach to the prevention of Rhesus haemolytic disease of the newborn.

Desarrollo de la Inmunohematología en el Instituto de Hematología e Inmunología / Development of the immunohematology in the Institute of Hematology and Immunology

El desarrollo de la Inmunohematología en el Instituto de Hematología e Inmunología en los últimos años se ha caracterizado por la introducción de los anticuerpos monoclonales hemoclasificadores y de nuevos ensayos para profundizar y optimizar el diagnóstico inmunohematológico, así como elevar el nivel científico de profesionales y técnicos vinculados con la especialidad. Los resultados más relevantes se obtuvieron en la generación de anticuerpos monoclonales y en el estudio de los auto y aloanticuerpos eritrocitarios y plaquetarios. Se ha destacado también la labor como Laboratorio de Referencia en Inmunohematología, así como los aportes a la docencia en medicina transfusional. Las proyecciones futuras de trabajo deberán estar encaminadas a la introducción de las técnicas moleculares en Inmunohematología y a profundizar en el estudio de los anticuerpos contra leucocitos y plaquetas

The development of the Immunohematology in the Institute of Hematology and Immunology in past years has been characterized by the introduction of hemoclassifying monoclonal antibodies and of new trials to deepen and to optimize the immunohematologic diagnosis, as well as to raise the scientific level of the professionals and technicians linked to specialty. The more relevant results were achieved in monoclonal antibodies generation and in the study of the erythrocyte and platetelet alloantibodies and autoantibodies. The work as Immunohematology Reference Laboratory has been emphasized as well as the contributions to transfusion medicine teaching. The future work projections must to be directed to introduction of molecular techniques in Immunology and to deepen in the study of antibodies to leukocytes and platelets

Desarrollo de la Inmunohematología en el Instituto de Hematología e Inmunología / Development of the immunohematology in the Institute of Hematology and Immunology

El desarrollo de la Inmunohematología en el Instituto de Hematología e Inmunología en los últimos años se ha caracterizado por la introducción de los anticuerpos monoclonales hemoclasificadores y de nuevos ensayos para profundizar y optimizar el diagnóstico inmunohematológico, así como elevar el nivel científico de profesionales y técnicos vinculados con la especialidad. Los resultados más relevantes se obtuvieron en la generación de anticuerpos monoclonales y en el estudio de los auto y aloanticuerpos eritrocitarios y plaquetarios. Se ha destacado también la labor como Laboratorio de Referencia en Inmunohematología, así como los aportes a la docencia en medicina transfusional. Las proyecciones futuras de trabajo deberán estar encaminadas a la introducción de las técnicas moleculares en Inmunohematología y a profundizar en el estudio de los anticuerpos contra leucocitos y plaquetas(AU)

The development of the Immunohematology in the Institute of Hematology and Immunology in past years has been characterized by the introduction of hemoclassifying monoclonal antibodies and of new trials to deepen and to optimize the immunohematologic diagnosis, as well as to raise the scientific level of the professionals and technicians linked to specialty. The more relevant results were achieved in monoclonal antibodies generation and in the study of the erythrocyte and platetelet alloantibodies and autoantibodies. The work as Immunohematology Reference Laboratory has been emphasized as well as the contributions to transfusion medicine teaching. The future work projections must to be directed to introduction of molecular techniques in Immunology and to deepen in the study of antibodies to leukocytes and platelets(AU)

The original blood group pioneers: the Hirszfelds.

Ludwik Hirszfeld, together with his wife Hanka, was the first to study the blood groups in large numbers of subjects (soldiers) during World War I at the Macedonian front. They found significant differences in the distribution of the ABO blood groups, that is, type A was more common in soldiers from North Central Europe, whereas type B was more common in those from Eastern Europe. Their data were later (in the 1920s and 1930s) misused by German nationalists to support the concept of Aryan supremacy. The Hirszfelds also discovered Salmonella paratyphi C, now known as Salmonella hirzfeldi. Their landmark studies drew others to this new field of seroanthropology, most notably Arthur Mourant, as well as Robin Race and Ruth Sanger, who wrote "Blood Groups in Man" detailing the antigenic differences among various peoples.

[Karl Landsteiner discovers the blood groups]. / Karl Landsteiner découvre les groupes sanguins.

The discovery of ABO blood group was a major step in mastering transfusion therapy. Karl Landsteiner (1868-1843) was the author of this discovery. This paper retraces the hard career of this American scientist of Austrian origin, and describes the circumstances that led his research to the discoveries, which were turning points in the history of the immunology.

Blood groups: the past 50 years.

Since the first issue of TRANSFUSION in 1961, there has been a tremendous expansion in not only the number of blood group antigens identified but also in our knowledge of their biochemical basis, function, and more recently, associated DNA changes. As certain techniques became available, our ability to discover and elucidate blood group antigens and appreciate their contribution to biology became possible. In particular, Western blotting, monoclonal antibodies, cloning, and polymerase chain reaction-based assays have led to an explosion of our knowledge base. The study of blood groups has had a significant effect on human genetics where they serve as useful markers in genetic linkage analyses. Indeed blood groups have provided several "firsts" in certain aspects of genetics. Blood group-null phenotypes, as natural human knockouts, have provided valuable insights into the importance of red blood cell membrane components. This review summarizes key aspects of the discovery of blood groups; the inconsistent terminology that has arisen; and the contribution of blood groups to genetics, safe transfusion, transplantation, evolution, and biology.

Participating in the evolution of transfusion medicine from a dispensary into a discipline.

Collecting, processing and dispensing blood for hemotherapy has evolved into transfusion medicine (TM), a newly recognized discipline. Joining my efforts to those of collaborators all over the world during this period of transformation, my scientific career spanned from the investigation of the immunogenetics of Bombay (OhOh) blood to the establishment of the academic TM program at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) (San Francisco, Calif). The twin discoveries of class-specific antibodies against immunoglobulin A (IgA) causing anaphylactic transfusion reactions and of anti-IgA of limited specificity defining A2m(1) as the first genetic marker of IgA led to the award of the Julliard Prize. My precocious appointment as the head of the Bombay Municipal Blood Center in India launched my academic career in 1969 as the Chief of the blood bank at UCSF Medical Center. Viral hepatitis, then the principal risk of transfusion, engaged me in the molecular analyses of purified hepatitis B virus (HBV) and its surface antigen. Consequently the first HBV vaccine, derived from infected plasma (superseded by cloned HBV envelope protein) and hepatitis B immune globulin were developed for clinical trials that led to Food and Drug Administration-licensed biologic products for prophylaxis and therapy. The advent of HIV/AIDS in the early 1980s raised renewed concern about transfusion safety and led me to push for hepatitis B core antibodies blood screening for improved transfusion safety. The triennial International Symposia on Viral Hepatitis and Liver Disease, which I started in 1972, continue to be the foremost forum for the contemporary assessment of hepatitis prevention and treatment. Besides viral hepatitis, I undertook multiplexed flow cytometric analyses for markers of infection by blood-borne viruses and their polymerase chain reaction-amplified gene products, kinetics of HIV replication in peripheral blood lymphocytes, leukocyte depletion for safer transfusion, and removal/inactivation of blood-borne viruses. The TM training and research programs I initiated at UCSF in the 1980s with National Institutes of Health support enabled me to recruit new faculty members who continue to foster the worldwide advancement of transfusion safety.